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Effects of Gender and Smoking on Maximum Phonation Time: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Turkish Adults
Nurullah Yücel1, Tayfun Aygün2, Beyza Bilici311 Department of Anatomy, Hamidiye International Faculty of Medicine, Health Science University, Istanbul, Türkiye2Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Giresun University, Giresun, Türkiye
3Hamidiye International Medicine School, Health Science University, Istanbul, Türkiye
INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to examine how phonation duration, maximum phonation time (MPT), is affected by factors such as gender and smoking.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 400 volunteers aged 18 years and older, who spoke Turkish and had no known vocal disorders. Participants’ demographic information, smoking status, and MPT were recorded. MPT was measured using a stopwatch as the maximum time to produce the “A” sound in a single breath while sitting in a quiet environment.
RESULTS: Participants were 56.3% male (n=225) and 43.7% female (n=175). Results showed that MPT was significantly longer in males (22.2±5.7 s) than in females (18.9±5.7 s, p<0.001). Smoking significantly shortened MPT
(smokers: 17.8±6.0 s; non-smokers: 21.7±5.6 s; p<0.001). A moderate negative correlation was found between
duration of smoking and MPT (r=−0.30, p=0.003).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: MPT is significantly longer in males than in females. Smoking significantly shortens MPT, and this effect becomes more pronounced as smoking duration increases. These findings highlight the importance of considering individual risk factors in vocal health assessments.
Keywords: Gender, Maximum phonation time, Smoking, Vocal cord, Voice health
Manuscript Language: English